CHILD HEALTH, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT [Back to Topics]

• Bearinger L, Sieving R, Ferguson J, Sharma V. "Global perspectives on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents: patterns, prevention adn potential." Lancet, Apr 7, 2007; 369 (9568): 1220-1231

• Bhutta ZA. "Beyond Bellagio: addressing the challenge of sustainable child health in developing countries." Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004: 90: 483-487. [Addresses economic, political, and health systems issues not covered in The Lancet's Child Survival Series that are nonetheless important etiologies of excess global child mortality.]

• Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J "Where and why are 10 million children dying every year." Lancet. June 28, 2003; 361 (9376): 2226-2234 [First of five public health articles on children in the Lancet; excellent review of the current epidemiology of global child mortality.]

• Bryce J, El Arifeen S, Pairyo G et al. "Reducing child mortality: Can public health deliver?" Lancet. July 12, 2003; 362 (9378): 159-164. [Third of five public health articles on children in the Lancet; article examines what the gaps in public health delivery are, and what public health interventions may work.]

• Bryce J, Victoria C, Habicht JP, Black R, Scherpbier RW. "Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness." Health Policy and Planning. 2005; (20 Suppl):i5-i17 [Up-to-date assessment of results of IMCI implementation in 5 different countries.]

• Claeson M, Waldman R. "The evolution of child health programmes in developing countries: from targetting diseases to tagetting people." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(10): 1234-1245.

• Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF website. http://www.unicef.org/crc/.

• Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens S, Adam T, Walker N, de Bernis L and Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. "Evidence-based cost effective interventions: how many newborn babies we can save." Lancet. Mar 12 1005; 365 (9463): 977-985. [This is the second article of the series examining how many newborns can be saved.]

• Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, et al. "Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developign world." Lancet. January 20, 2007; 369(9557): 229-242. ["This paper is the third in The Lancet's 2007 Child Development Series...[It] assesses strategies to promote child development and to prevent or ameliorate the loss of developmental potential."]

• Gillespie D and the Bellgio Study Group on Child Survival. "Knowledge into action for child survival." Lancet. July 26, 2003; 362 (9380): 323-327. [Fifth article of Lancet series; article examines the gaps stem from a lack of knowledge, but a lack of political commitment towards child survival.]

• Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007; 369: 60-70. [ The first of three articles in The Lancet’s 2007 Child Development Series: [“[Estimates] that over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential… These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, thus contributing to the intergenerational transmission of poverty.”]

• Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. “How many child deaths can we prevent this year?” Lancet. July 5, 2003; 362 (9377): 65-71. [Second of five Lancet articles on children. Concludes that effectiveness of various child survival interventions has been demonstrated but delivery of interventions is poor.]

• Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J, for the Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. “4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why?”
 Lancet. Mar 2005; 365(9462): 891-900. [First article in the Neonatal Survival Series; presents the epidemiology and etiologies of global neonatal mortality, exhorting more focus on prevention of these deaths in child survival and/or safe motherhood programs.]

• Lopez A. “Reducing Child Mortality.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (10): 1173. http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/tableofcontents/2000/vol.78no.10.html

• Lopez A, Bogg S, Bos E. Demographics and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990-2001: Trends in Causes of Child Death, 1990-2001. In: Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray C. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank; 2006. pp. 28-32. Available online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gbd.section.117

• Martines J, Paul VK, Bhutta ZA et al. “Neonatal survival: a call for action.” Lancet. Mar 26, 2005; 365 (9465): 1189-1197. [This is the last article for the series arguing for more attention to be put for neonatal survival, including stillborn births.]

• Mosley WH, Chen LC. “An Analytical Framework for the Study of Child Survival in Developing Countries.” Population and Development Review. 1984; 10 (Supplement): 25-45. [Classic article that proposed an integration of social science and medical/epidemiologic research modalities in the study of child survival. The resulting analytic framework continues to serve as the basis for child survival studies today.]

• Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, McGarry P. “Mental health of young people: a global public health challenge.” Lancet. April 14, 2007; 369 (9569): 1302-1313.

• Pena R, Wall S, Persson, L. “The effect of poverty, social inequity, and maternal education on infant mortality in Nicaragua, 1988-1993.” American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(11): 64-69.

• Rutstein S. “Factors associated with trends in infants and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990's.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(10): 1256-1270.

• Southall D, Coulter B, Ronald C, Nicholson S, Parke S (eds.) International Child Health Care: A Practical Manual for Hospitals World wide. London: Blackwell BMJ books, 2002. 626 pp. [Ideal, affordable reference for anyone planning to work in child health in developing countries. Despite title, is also highly relevant for ambulatory care.]

• Thapar N , Sanderson IR . “ Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries.” Lancet. Feb 21, 2004; 363(9409): 641-653.

• UNICEF, www.unicef.org; Country statistics, www.unicef.org/statis/; Annual “State of the World’s Children” reports with statistics and synopsis of major child health topics, www.unicef.org/sowc06/, with last numbers indicating report year.

• United Nations Population Fund. Overview of Adolescent Life. 2003. http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2003/english/ch1/index.htm

• Victora CG, et al. “Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality: More of the same is not enough.” Lancet. July 19, 2003; 362 (9379): 233-241. [Fourth of a five Lancet articles on children; excellent review of childhood issues through an equity gauge lens.]

• Victora C, Huicho L, Amaral J, et al. “Are health interventions implemented where they are most needed? District uptake of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in Brazil, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania .” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006; 84: 792-801. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/10/06-030502.pdf. [Despite initial successes with IMCI implementation, coverage has not been expanded to subpopulations and areas where need is greatest.]

• Wagstaff A, Bustreo F, Bryce J, Claeson M, and WHO–World Bank Child Health and Poverty Working Group. “Child health: reaching the poor.” American Journal of Public Health. Sep 2005; 94(5): 726-736. [Reviews causes of worldwide socioeconomic inequalities that persist in child health in spite of efforts to reduce child mortality, discusses past experiences in attempting to reduce inequalities in child mortality and future directions for interventions and research.]

• Walker N, Schwartlander B, Bryce J. “Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS.” Lancet. July 27, 2002; 360: 284-289. [A good article that examines the methods of achieving goals of child survival and HIV/AIDS]

• Walker SP , Wachs TD , Gardner JM , Lozoff B , Wasserman GA , Pollitt E , Carter JA ; International Child Development Steering Group . “ Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries.” Lancet. Jan. 13 2007; 369(9556): 145-157. [The second of three articles in The Lancet’s 2007 Child Development Series.]

• Wardlaw T , Salama P , Johansson EW , Mason E . “ Pneumonia: the leading killer of children.” Lance t. Sep 23, 2006; 368(9541): 1048-1050. [Describes the disease burden and impact of childhood pneumonia, the current state of efforts to curb its prevalence and effects, and future directions for interventions that are based on a comprehensive approach as exemplified by Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).]

• Werner D. Disabled Village Children, Hesperian Foundation, Palo Alto, CA; 1988. [Excellent practical reference for dealing with disabled individuals at the village level.]

• Werner D, Sanders D. Questioning the solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival. HealthWrights, 1996. 206pp. See: www.healthwrights.org/. [Provocative and controversial book that challenges conventional strategies to improve child survival.]

• WHO. Management of the Child with a Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition: Guidelines for Care at the First-Referral Level in Developing Countries. Geneva: WHO, 2000. 162 pp. The 8 theme-related papers are available on line at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/CHILD_HEALTH/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1.htm

• WHO. Handbook: IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development. Geneva: WHO, April 2000. 173 pp. WHO/FCH/CAH/00.12. http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/IMCI/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12.pdf.

• WHO. The WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva: WHO, 2006. Full WHO Report with growth charts (including executive summary of the methods, development and results) and supplementary article from Acta Paediatrica (Apr 2006;Vol. 95(Suppl 450):1-104) http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/.

• World Health Organization/World Bank Working Group on Child Health and Poverty. Better health for poor children: a special report.. Geneva: WHO, 2002. Available online at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/CHILD_HEALTH/GC/WHO_FCH_CAH_02.5.pdf [A good, brief overview of the problem of poor childrens’ health.]

• Zwane AP, Kremer M. What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries? A Critical Review. CID Working Paper No. 140, March 2007. www.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/pdf/140.pdf

COMMUNICABLE AND TROPICAL DISEASE [Back to Topics]

• American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book, 27 th Edition: Report on the Committee of Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006. http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/resources/

• Aylward B, Hennesey K, Zagaria N, Olive JM, Cochi S. “When is Disease Eradicable? 100 Years of Lessons Learned.” American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(10): 1515-1520. [This article is a fascinating analysis of the conditions to when disease can truly be eliminated.]

• Aylward B, Sutter R, Cochi S, Thompson K, Jafari H, Heymann D. “Risk management in a polio-free world.” Risk Analysis. 2006; 26: 1441-1448. www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00840.x

• Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A, et al. “Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance): an updated analysis.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 2142-2154.

• Barder O, Kremer M, Levine R. Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. 113 pp. [Making a commitment in advance to buy vaccines may lead to an increase in research and development. This report shows from theory to practice how this may work.] www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/vaccinedevelopment/chapters

• Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J et al. “ Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4 (5): 267-277.

• Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J, et al. “ Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4 (6): 368-375.

• Bonu S, Rani M, Baker TD. “The impact of the national polio immunization campaign on levels and equity in immunization coverage: evidence from rural North India.” Social Science and Medicine. 2003; 57: 1807-1819.

• Breiman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A. “Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what’s new, what’s needed: a summary.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004; 71 (2 Suppl): 1-15. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/71/2_suppl/1

• Cohen ML. “Changing patterns of infectious disease.” Nature. Aug 17, 2000. 406 (6797): 762-767. [This is a fascinating overview of the patterns of infectious disease over the past century.]

• Cook GC, Zulma AI, Weir J (eds). Manson’s Tropical Diseases, 21st ed. London: W. B. Saunders Co., 2002. [This is a standard British textbook on tropical medicine and an excellent reference for those keen on tropical disease.]

• Corbett EL, Marston B, Churchyard GJ, De Cock KM. “ Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment.” Lancet. 2006; 367: 926-937.

• Dowdle W. “The principles of disease elimination and eradication.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998; 76 (Suppl 2): 22-24.

• Eddleston M, Davidson R, Wilkinson R, Pierini S. Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

• Ehiri JE, Anywanwu EC, Scarlett H. “Mass use of insecticide-treated bednets in malaria endemic poor countries: public health concerns and remedies.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2004; 25 (1): 9-22. [This paper examines potential health risks of the mass use of ITNs in malaria endemic poor countries.]

• Farmer P. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

• Feachem RGA, Sabot OJ. “Global Malaria Control in the 21 st Century: A Historic but Fleeting Opportunity.” JAMA. May 23/30, 2007: 297 (20: 2281-2284.

• Garrett, L: The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Farrar, Strauss Group, 1994. 727 pp. [17 chapters. Details outbreaks of specific diseases and efforts to control them; identifies health system problems and recommends solutions]

• Glass RI, Parashar UD, Bresee JS et al. “Rotavirus vaccines: current prospects and future challenges.” Lancet. July 22, 2006. 368 (9532): 323-332.

• Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/

• Global Network for Neglected Tropical Disease Control. http://gnntdc.sabin.org/ [“a global network of health organizations dedicated to helping control and eliminate the most prevalent NTDs”]

• Global Polio Eradication Initiative. www.polioeradication.org

• Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. “Human schistosomiasis.” Lancet. September 23, 2006, 368 (9541): 1106-1118. [Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a tropical disease caused by worms. It affects about 200 million people worldwide leading to a loss of 1.53 million disability-adjusted life years.]

• Gupta R, Irwin A, Raviglione MC, Kim JY. “Scaling-up Treatment for HIV/AIDS: Lessons Learned from Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 320-324.

• Hay SI, Guerra CA, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Snow RW. “The Global Distribution and Population at Risk of Malaria: Past, Present and Future.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4: 327-336.

• Heymann DL (Ed.) Control of Communicable Disease Manual, 18 th Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association and the World Health Organization, 2004. [“The Control of Communicable Disease Manual is one of the most widespread single-volume reference volumes on the topic of infectious diseases. It is useful for physicians, global travelers, emergency volunteers and all who have dealt with or might have to deal with public health issues.”]

• Hopewell PC, Pai M, Maher D, Uplekar M, Raviglione MC. “International Standards for Tuberculosis Care.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 710-725. [“ The International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) describe a widely endorsed level of care that all practitioners should seek to achieve in managing individuals who have, or are suspected of having, tuberculosis.”]

• Hotez P, Molyneux D, Fenwick A, Ottesen E, Erlich Sachs S, Sachs J. “Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programmes for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.” PLoS Medicine. 2006; 3: e102.

• Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2 nd Edition), Washington DC: World Bank, 2006. 1400 pp. www.dcp2.org [“DCP2 is the principal product of the Disease Control Priorities Project, an alliance of organizations designed to review, generate and disseminate information on how to improve population health in developing countries.”]

• Jamison D, Breman J, Measham A et al. Priorities in Health. Washington DC: World Bank, 2006. 212 pp. [This companion guide to Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries distills the contents of the larger volume into an easily read format.]

• Keiser J, Singer BH, Utzinger J. “Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 695-708. [Review the results of 40 studies that emphasized manipulation of the environment and of human habitation for malaria vector control, conducted prior to the days of indoor residual spraying with DDT and concludes that such interventions are both sustainable and effective.]

• Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M. “Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 726-732.

• Kremer M, Zwane A. Cost-effective prevention of diarrheal disease: a critical review. Working Paper No. 117 Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2007. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/13495 [Critically reviews the existing research on the cost-effective prevention and treatment of diarrheal diseases, and identifies research priorities aimed at finding ways to reduce the diarrheal disease burden.]

• Li K, Guan Y, Wang J et al. “Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia.” Nature. 2004; 430: 209-213. www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature02746

• Lu C, Michaud CM, Gakidou E, Khan K, Murray CJL. “Effect of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation on diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine coverage: an independent assessment.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1088-1095.

• Lucas AO, Gilles HM. Short Textbook of Public Health Medicine for the Tropics. Oxford University. Press, 2003, 320 pp.

• Marseille E, Kahn JG, Mmiro F et al. ” Cost effectiveness of single-dose nevirapine regimen for mothers and babies to decrease vertical HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.” Lancet. 1999; 354: 803-809. [This landmark article showed single-dose anti-retroviral lowered perinatal transmission at birth from 25 to 8%.]

• Mathers CD, Loncar D. “Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030.” PLoS Medicine. November 2006, 3 (11): e442. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442

• Mukherjee JS, Rich ML, Socci AR, et al. “Programmes and principles in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 474-481.

• Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA et al. “Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 481-493.

• Okeke IN, Klugman KP, Bhutta ZA et al. “Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part II: strategies for containment.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 568-580.

• Pablos-Mendez A, Gowda DK, Frieden TR. “ Controlling multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and access to expensive drugs: a rational framework.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80: 489-495. www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(6)489.pdf

• Phua K, Lee L. “Meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious disease outbreaks: an agenda for research.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2005; 26: 122-132. [This article presents how social, behavioral and environmental factors have accelerated and amplified these natural phenomena. They analyze how determinants in important historical epidemics and pandemics such as the plague in medieval Europe and conclude that it is important to understand social conditions and how they affect infectious disease outbreaks.]

• Raviglione MC, Pio A. “Evolution of WHO Policies for Tuberculosis Control, 1948-2001.” Lancet. 2002; 359: 775-780. [An interesting article on the progression of TB control policies at WHO.]

• Reid A, Scano F, Getahun H, et al. “ Towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support: the role of tuberculosis/HIV collaboration.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 483-495.

• Roll Back Malaria. www.rbm.who.int

• Sachs J, Malaney P. “The Economic and Social Burden of Malaria.” Nature. 2002; 415: 680-685. [This is a classical article that points out that malaria has significant economic burden on sub-Saharan Africa]

• Sake L, Lee K, Cannito B, Gilmore A, Campbell-Lendrum D. Globalization and infectious diseases: a review of the linkages. Social Economic and Behavioural Research. Special Topics No. 3, Geneva: WHO, 2004. 62 pp. www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/seb_topic3.htm [“Globalization is driven and constrained by a number of forces: economic processes, technological development, political influences, cultural and value systems, and social and natural environmental factors. There is much to be understood about how the wide-ranging changes are impacting on infectious disease; this publication reviews the existing evidence about the links between globalization.”]

• STOP TB Partnership. www.stoptb.org

• UNAIDS, www.unaids.org. Global surveillance fact sheets by country: http://unaids.org/hivaidsinfo/statistics/fact_sheets/index_en.htm; Annual Epidemic Update. www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Resources/Publications

• WHO, Global Burden of Disease project, http://www.who.int/health_topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ . See also the 43 pp. Summary report, CJL Murray and AD Lopez, eds., 1996, available from Harvard University Press.

• WHO. Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy: An update on “3 by 5”. Geneva: World Health Organization, June 2005 http://www.who.int/3by5/fullreportJune2005.pdf [This is a report on the innovative 3 x 5 program to try and get 3 million people access to anti-retrovirals by the end of 2005.]

• WHO and UNICEF. Africa Malaria Report 2003. Executive Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2003. http://www.rbm.who.int/amd2003/amr2003/amr_toc.htm

• Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR. “Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002; 2: 209-218.

ECONOMICS, POVERTY AND HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• Bernstein M, Sessions M. A trickle or a flood: commitments and disbursement for HIV/AIDS from the Global Fund, PEPFAR, and the World Bank’s Multi-Country AIDS Program. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. 2007. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/13029

• Birdsall N. “The world is not flat: inequality and injustice in our global economy.” UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research. 2005;Annual Lecture 9. www.wider.unu.edu/publications/annual-lectures/annual-lecture-2005.pdf

• Birdsall N (Ed). Rescuing the World Bank: A CGD Working Group Report and Selected Essays. New York: Center for Global Development, 2006. 201 pp. (http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/9957)

• Bloom D and Canning D . “The Health and Wealth of Nations.” Science, Feb 18. 2000, 207: 1207, 1209. [This is a short, simple article on the relationships between health and income, and one of the key articles supporting the development of the Macroeconomic Commission on Health.]

• Castro-Leal F, Dayton J, Demery L, Mehra K. “Public Spending on Health Care in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (1): 66-74.

• CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network). Where the Poor Are - An Atlas of Poverty.

• The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, 2007. http://sedac.cisein.org/povmap [Provides examples of the important uses of poverty maps, including: the ability to overlay them with maps of geographical features, agroecological zones, education, accessibility, services and so on, so as to better understand and analyze possible causes of poverty, for better targeting of resources, and for raising donor awareness of financing needs.]

• Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. “The Determinants of Mortality.” Princeton Working Paper, 2004. www.princeton.edu/~rpds/downloads/cutler_deaton_lleras-muney_determinants%20mortality%20nber%20dec05.pdf

• Deaton A. Global patterns of income and health: facts, interpretations, and policies. Princeton: Research Program in Development Studies (Center for Health and Wellbeing), 2006. www.princeton.edu/~rpds/downloads/deaton_WIDER_FINAL_annual_lecture_ALL.pdf

• Easterly W. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin Press, 2006. 436 pp. [A book that is the counterpoint to Jeffrey Sachs’ End of Poverty. It argues that more money is not the solution, as much as solutions that are culturally-sensitive and determined by communities. It asks for “Searchers” who try to find the right solution for the given circumstance, and not “Planners” with grandiose development schemes.]

• Farmer P. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

• Folch E, Hernandez I, Barragan M, Franco-Paredes C. “Infectious diseases, non-zero-sum thinking, and the developing world.” American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 326: 66-72. [“ The purpose of this article is to address the relationship between health, poverty, and development in the context of game theory. We will focus on the link between economic inequalities and health outcomes, exclusively concentrating our analysis on the impact of infectious diseases.”]

• Gallup JL, Sachs JD. “The economic burden of malaria.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001; 64 (1-2 Suppl): 85-96. [“Malaria and poverty are intimately connected. Controlling for factors such as tropical location, colonial history, and geographic isolation, countries with intensive malaria had income levels in 1995 of only 33% that of countries without malaria.”]

• Kawachi I. Chapter 4: Income Inequality and Health. In Social Epidemiology, Berkman, L and Kawachi I (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: pp. 76-94. [A fascinating account of how income disparity equates to poor health outcomes. In particular, the graphs and charts in this chapter clearly elucidate the importance of income disparity on health ]

• Kim J, Millin JV, Gershman J, Irwin A (Eds.) Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 2003. (www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&bookid=160)

• Labonte R, Sanger M. “Glossary of the World Trade Organization and public health: part 1.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; 60: 655-661. http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/60/8/655.pdf

• Labonte R, Sanger M. “Glossary on the World Trade Organization and public health: part 2.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; 60: 738-744.

• Lewis M. Addressing the challenge of HIV/AIDS: macroeconomic, fiscal and institutional issues. Working Paper 58. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2730

• McMichael A, Beaglehole R. “The changing global context of public health.” Lancet. 2000; 356: 495-499.
[Discusses the impact of economic globalization on health and the need for public health interventions to tackle social and health inequalities and achieve health-sustaining environments.]

• Nanda P. “Women’s participation in rural credit programmes in Bangladesh and their demand for formal health care: is there a positive impact?” Health Economics. August 1999; 8(5): 415-428.

• Paalman M. “Towards pro-poor health planning in the context of macroeconomics and health. Country case study Nepal.” http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=fab&id=SINGLEPUBLICATION&ItemID=1663[“Nepal is receiving support from WHO and the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam from pro-poor health planning in the context of macroeconomics and health work. It addresses, in particular, the opportunities and constraints expected to influence the work during the planning and implementation phase.”]

• Peabody JW. “Economic Reform and Health Sector Policy: Lessons from Structural Adjustment Programs.” Social Science and Medicine. 1996; 43 (5): 823-835.

• Peters DH, Elmendorf AE, Kandola K, Chellaraj G. “Benchmarks for health expenditures, services and outcomes in Africa during the 1990s.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(6): 761-769. http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue6/bu0700.pdf [Compares and contrasts African countries and looks in detail at three of them.]

• Pollack A, Price D. “The public health implications of world trade negotiations on the general agreement on trade in services and public services.” Lancet. 2003; 362: 1072-1075. [“We conclude that national autonomy over health policy is not preserved under [the World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services] and that accordingly, there is a role for international standards that protect public services from the adverse effect of trade and market forces.”]

• Sachs J. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2005, 416 pp. [One of the most celebrated books looking at how to end poverty traps for the poorest billion people in the world.]

• Savedoff WD. “What Should a Country Spend on Health Care.” Health Affairs. July/August 2007; 26 (4): 962-970.

• Sen, A. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor, 2000. 384 pp. [This important book looks at the value of freedom in promoting human development and well-being by the Nobel Prize winner in Economics in 1998.]

• Shaffer E, Waitzkin H, Brenner J, Jasso-Aguilar R. “Global trade and public health.” American Journal of Public Health. 2005; 95: 23-34. www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/23

• Smith RD. “Foreign direct investment and trade in health services: a review of the literature.” Social Science and Medicine. 2004; 59: 2313-2323.

• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). http://hdr.undp.org/ [UNDP publishes annual reports on human development which can be downloaded for its website.]

• World Bank. PovertyNet.
[Provides an introduction to key issues as well as in-depth information on poverty measurement, monitoring, analysis and on poverty reduction strategies for researchers and practitioners.]

• World Bank. PovertyNet.

• World Bank. Multi-Country Projects in Equity, Poverty, and Health:
[“Recent increase in concern about health of the poor have given rise to a large number of inter-country research projects on poverty, equity, and health. This section provides links to other resources for information on equity, poverty and health. Here you can browse the most comprehensive directory of available inter-country research projects on poverty, equity, and health.”]

• World Bank. World Development Report series, http://wwwecon.worldbank.org/wdr/ [Most reports have material that is highly relevant to health. The 1993 report, Investing in Health, is especially useful despite being somewhat dated. 2004 Report: Making Services work for Poor People; 2006 Report: Equity in Development.]

• World Health Organization and World Bank. Dying for Change. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.

• World Health Organization. WHO database on health in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). www.who.int/hdp/database [“This database provides an analysis of the health component of each country’s PRSP from a health perspective. It also summarizes what PRSPs say about the health challenges in a particular country, the proposed health strategies to meet those challenges, and the mechanism to monitor progress.”]

• World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Published in Dec. 2001: http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=cmh&language=english [The Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health provides a wealth of information, both in the final report itself and the many commissioned papers that were prepared for the six working groups.]



EDUCATION & TRAINING FOR HEALTH WORKERS & COMMUNITIES [Back to Topics]

• American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene list of course and programs: www.astmh.org/certification/courses.html

• Birrell K, Birrell G. Diagnosis and treatment: a training manual for primary health care workers. London: Macmillan Education, 2000. 272pp. [Practical guide to diagnosis and treatment of the most common illnesses presented at rural and urban health centres in line with WHO and national drug guidelines.]

• CDC Training Program in Epidemiology: www.cdc.gov/train.htm

• Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health: www.drexel.com/online-degrees/public-health-degrees/index.aspx
[Online certificate in epidemiological and biostatistical principles and methods for public health. 9-credit (3 courses) program. Convenient for working professionals.]

• GHEC. The GHEC Guidebook: Advising Medical Students and Residents for International Health Experiences. 2000, 70pp. [Contains much useful material for student/resident orientation. Available in PDF format from the “publications” site at: www.globalhealth-ec.org]

• Health and Human Rights: www.hsph.harvard.edu/fxbcenter [The FXB Center for Health and Human Rights of the Harvard School of Public Health has published three low costs (~$5) books on diverse aspects of human rights.]

• Hesperian Foundation. See: www.hesperian.org/index.htm [Excellent series of low cost books for training and use at the community level. Of special interest: Where There Is No Doctor (D Werner, with C Thuman and J Maxwell); Where Women Have No Doctor (A Burns, R Lovich, J Maxwell, and K Shapiro); HIV Health and Your Community (R Granich and J Mermin); Where There Is No Dentist (M Dickson); Disabled Village Children (D Werner); A Book for Midwives (S Klein); Helping Health Workers Learn (D Werner and B Bower); Helping Children Who Are Blind: Family and community support for children with vision problems (S Niemann and N Jacob).]

• Humanitarian Assistance Training Inventory (HATI):
www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwt.nsf/doc209?OpenForm&query=5&cat=Training%20Material
[HATI is focused on training staff of humanitarian assistance organizations and contains descriptions of training materials and activities offered by UN Agencies, Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement, INGOs, NGOs, Bilateral Aid Agencies and Academic and Training Institutions and others.]

• International Health Exchange (IHE): www.ihe.org.uk London. [Provides long and short courses worldwide. Click on training on the left.]

• International Medical Volunteer Associations: www.imva.org/Pages/acronyms.htm [Acronyms in international health and relief.]

• London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: www.lshtm.ac.uk/courses [Offers many short courses. Click on Short Study Programme.]

• Open Courseware Consortium: www.ocwconsortium.org/index.html [Open Courseware Consortium is a free and searchable site offering high quality digital educational materials organized as courses. It is based on a collaboration of 100_ higher education institutions and associated organizations from around the world.]

• Teaching-aids At Low Cost: www.talcuk.org/about/index.htm [TALC promotes health of children and advance medical knowledge and teaching in the UK and worldwide by providing and developing educational material.]

• Training Finder: www.train.org/DesktopShell.aspx [Most comprehensive database of nationwide learning opportunities for professionals who protect the public’s health.]

• TropEdEurop: www.troped.org [TropEdEurop is the training and educational branch of the association of the Institutes and Schools of Tropical Medicine in Europe.]

• University of Pittsburgh Supercourse: www.pitt.edu/~super1 [Global repository of 3000+ PowerPoint lectures by authors from 151 countries covering a wide variety of public health and prevention topics. Supercourse concept and its lecture style has been described as the Global Health Network University.]

• USAID Global Health eLearning Center: www.globalhealthlearning.org/login.cfm?logout=1 [Courses are free and available to all. Registration required. Examples of classes: Antenatal Care, Essential Newborn Care, HIV Basics (part 1), IUD, Logistics for Health Commodities, Monitoring and Evaluation Fundamentals, Malaria, Postpartum Care, Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage, Tuberculosis Basics, etc.]

• Walley J, Wright J, Hubley J. Public Health: An Action Guide to Improving Health in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

• Werner D, Bower B. Helping Health Workers Learn. Berkeley: Hesperian Foundation, 1982. 632 pp. [Collection of methods, aids and “triggers of the imagination” (including scripts for village theater, instructions for drawing educational cartoons); geared toward village instructors who may have little formal education. Hundreds of drawings and photos, based on author’s 16 years of experience, making health education basics easy to understand and convey.]

• World Health Organization. The Community Health Worker. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990. 486 pages. [Simply written, excellent text in three parts: 1) A Working guide with practical, basic curriculum for the CHW; 2) Guidelines for training CHWs; and 3) Advice on adapting this teaching program to local conditions.]


ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• Aron J, Patz J. Ecosystem Change and Public Health: A Global Perspective. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. [Interdisciplinary overview of environmental health research and a detailed discussion of interaction between environmental change and public health (see “Part II: Environmental Changes,” pp. 163-324). Core text ends with case studies examining specific human health consequences of changing environmental conditions (see “Part III: Case Studies,” pp. 325-430). Includes useful appendices for students interested in conducting academic or field research in environmental studies and public health.]

• Attaran A, Roberts D, Curtis C, Kilama W. “Balancing risks on the back of the poor.” Nature Medicine. 2000; 6: 729-731. [Argues that scientific evidence for the need to eliminate DDT for indoor residual spraying is not persuasive, that proven benefits of DDT in preventing mortality from malaria significantly outweigh potential risks, and that First World detractors of DDT use in vector control are guilty of “eco-colonialism.”

• Bartram J, Lewis K, Lenton R, Wright A. “Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health.” Lancet. 2005; 365: 810-812.

• Beard J and the Australian Rural Health Research Collaboration. “DDT and human health.” Science of the Total Environment. 2006; 355: 78-89. [Reviews existing data on effects of DDT on human health, concluding that there is a lack of robust data supporting a need to limit the use of DDT in disease control interventions.]

• Campbell-Lendrum D, Corvalan C, Neira M. “Global climate change: implications for international public health policy.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. March 2007; 85 (3): 235-237.

• Donohoe M. “Causes and health consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice.” Social Science and Medicine. 2003; 56(3): 573-587.

• Driscoll T, Nelson DI, Steenland K et al. “The global burden of diseases due to occupational carcinogens.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2005; 48: 419-431.

• Driscoll T, Nelson DI, Steenland K et al. “The global burden of non-malignant respiratory disease due to occupational airborne exposures.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2005; 48: 432-445.

• Ezzati M, Bailis R, Kammen D, et al. “Energy management and global health.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2004; 29: 383-420. www.globalhealth.harvard.edu/Files/Energy%20management%20and%20global%20gealth.pdf [Concludes that “closer integration of health in energy management practices and that “renewable energy technologies [are] an example of how an integrated energy-health approach can be used in policy analysis and formulation.”]

• Gore A. An Inconvenient Truth (DVD and book). 2006. http://www.climatecrisis.net/ [Oscar-winning documentary putting global climate change back on the political agenda by the former US Vice-President.]

• Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment, http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge/

• Heymann J (Ed.) Global Inequalities at Work: Work’s Impact on the Health of Individuals, Families, and Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 368 pp.

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch [Causes & effects of global warming.]

• Johns Hopkins Univ. Center for a Livable Future. http://www.jhsph.edu/environment.

• Johns Hopkins Univ. Program on Health Effects of Global Environmental Changes. http://www.jhsph.edu/globalchange/

• Keiser J, Singer BH, Utzinger J. “Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 695-708.
www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309905702681/fulltext
[Reviews results of 40 studies that emphasized manipulation of environment and human habitation for malaria vector control, conducted prior to the days of indoor residual spraying with DDT, and concludes that such interventions are both sustainable and effective.]

• Lomborg B. The Skeptical Environmentalist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 496 pp. [Vigorous attack by a former Greenpeace activist who examines the evidence of various environmental claims. Some statistic analyses and assumptions derived are questionable but the call for the environmental movement to be more critical of its analyses is appropriate.]

• McGranahan G, Satterthwaite D. “A Developing World Perspective: Health Deficiencies in Provision for Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.” In: Freudenberg N, Galea S, Vlahov D. (eds.) Cities and the Health of the Public. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2006.

• McMichael A, Butler C. “Climate change, health and development goals.” Lancet. 2004; 364: 2004-2006. www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673604175296/fulltext [Concise editorial review on the report, “Up in smoke? Threats from and responses to, the impact of global warming on human development.” This editorial piece is of more direct relevance to the issue of the global health impact of climate change than the full-length report itself.]

• McMichael A, Woodruff R, Hales S. “Climate change and human health: present and futu